Etat: gendarme ou providence?

Lors de manifestations, on peut entendre les manifestants critiquer «L'Etat gendarme », généralement pour critiquer les abus des forces de l’ordre.

Cependant, l’Etat gendarme désigne déjà une forme de l’Etat qui a été longtemps en vigueur dans le monde.

 

L’Etat gendarme

Max Weber (1864-1920) définit l’Etat comme étant l’organisme possédant « le monopole de la violence légitime ». Si cette expression peut sembler étrange puisque la violence n’est jamais légitime, elle veut bien dire quelque chose pour Weber. Cette expression signifie que l’Etat est le seul à pouvoir utiliser la violence pour se faire respecter et interdire tous les autres organismes qui l’utilisent (gangs et criminels par exemple).

Dans la pratique, cela veut dire que, pour Weber, l’Etat limite ses actions seulement aux domaines où la violence est justifiée. Cette violence serait justifiée dans seulement trois domaines :

  • L’armée et la diplomatie (pour la défense du territoire)
  • La police (pour le maintien de l’ordre)
  • La justice

Ces trois fonctions sont aussi connues sous le nom de fonctions régaliennes.

Le point de vue des libéraux classiques est que l’action de l’Etat doit se limiter à ces trois domaines de compétences.

Cependant avec les problèmes engendrés par le capitalisme à outrance, l’Etat a du se réinventer et se transformer en Etat-providence.

 

L’Etat-providence

 

L’Etat-providence est une forme d’état qui prétend assurer plus ou moins directement le bien-être de ses citoyens. Pour ce faire, il assure les fonctions régaliennes et élargit ses actions à des domaines tels que le social ou l’économie.

Selon Richard Musgrave (1910-2007), l’Etat-providence remplit trois fonctions en plus des fonctions régaliennes :

  • L’allocation des ressources (utilisation des ressources pour assurer la production et la qualité de biens publics tels que la santé)
  • La redistribution des ressources (les prélèvements et les réaffectations)
  • La stabilisation de la conjoncture (contrôle de la croissance et lutte contre le chômage et une forte inflation)

Les premières formes de l’Etat providence sont apparues sous l’Empire Allemand quand Bismarck était chancelier. Il met en place différentes assurances sociales pour contrer les idées socialistes qui commencent à circuler dans les usines. On voit donc apparaitre des assurances maladie, contre les accidents du travail et vieillesse. Ces différentes assurances sont dans un premier temps limitées aux ouvriers puis étendues aux autres catégories professionnelles tout en restant soumis à des conditions de ressources.

Ce modèle se développe en Europe et notamment en France avec une loi de réparation des accidents du travail en 1896 puis une assurance vieillesse invalidité en 1930. Les Etats-Unis adoptent le modèle en 1935 avec le « Social Security Act » avec un système de pension pour les plus de 65 ans.

En 1942, le rapport Beveridge développe la notion de « Welfare State » ou Etat de bien-être. Ce rapport propose que les différentes protections ne soient plus limitées aux plus démunis mais qu’elles soient disponibles pour tous.

L’Etat providence doit ainsi proposer à tous ses citoyens une protection universelle qui serait financée par l’impôt. C’est sur ce modèle que la Sécurité Sociale française est construite en 1945.

 

 

Cependant, depuis les années 70, les deux chocs pétroliers et la crise qui a suivie, on parle d’une crise de l’Etat providence.

En effet, avec la crise, l’Etat a du s’investir davantage dans l’économie ce qui a entrainé une hausse de ses dépenses et donc des prélèvements qui atteignent des niveaux élevés. De plus, avec les inégalités qui se creusent de plus en plus, les citoyens ont l’impression que l’Etat ne remplit pas correctement sa fonction de répartition des richesses.

Une réforme de l’Etat providence ou un retour à l’Etat gendarme ?

La question peut se poser !

Date de dernière mise à jour : 03/02/2021

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